Watson Behaviorism

• According to Watson, he believe that behaviors can be measured, trained and changed
• People will react in a situations according to their experiences and what had programmed to them on how to react.
• He performed an experiment in the early towards an infant (Little Albert)
• • Neutral stimulus – the white rat
  • Unconditioned stimulus – the loud noise
  • Unconditioned response – fear
  • Conditioned stimulus – the white rat
  • Conditioned response – fear
• It showed that he could condition, or make training for the infant to respond with certain stimulus, that was different from what their normal response would be in the absence of such training.

 

 

References

https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Cognitive-Development-in-Children-from-Watson-to-Kohlberg

https://prezi.com/mdrdfi90kh0f/copy-of-john-b-watson/

 

Skinner – Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

• Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s (1905) law of effect
• Operant conditioning can be described as a trial process to modify behavior by using positive and negative reinforcement
• • Example 1: Parents rewarding a child’s excellent grades with candy or some other prize.
  • Example 2: A schoolteacher awards points to those students who are the most calm and well-behaved. Students eventually realize that when they voluntarily become quieter and better behaved, that they earn more points.
  • Example 3: A form of reinforcement (such as food) is given to an animal every time the animal (for example, a hungry lion) presses a lever

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive : Strengthens a behavior by giving a consequence an individual finds rewarding. This also may come in the form of praise, prize, etc.

Negative : Strengthens a behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience.

Positive and Negative Punishment

Positive : Unfavorable events or outcomes are given in order to weaken the response that follows.

Negative : Favorable event or outcome is removed after a undesired behavior occurs.

Here are the links that will help in explaining more about this theory

link 1, link 2, link 3, link 4

References

https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html

https://www.learning-theories.com/operant-conditioning-skinner.html

Theory and Model

Theory

• Explain or predict phenomenon
• Based on previous or existing theory
• Have to prove whether it can be used or not
• Does not contain any model

Model

• Concept to address a problem
• Have to choose which theory is suitable to use
• May contain many of theory

Pavlov Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov is known for his studies in classical conditioning, which have been influential in understanding learning.

Pavlov (1902) get the idea that there have somethings that a dog doesn’t have to learn. As an example, dog don’t learn to salivate when they look at food.

This can be relate with the behavior. Behaviorism is stress on the role of environmental factors that may affect and influence behavior. In behaviorist terms, it is unconditioned response (i.e. a stimulus-response connection that required no learning). It is write in behaviorist terms like this:

Unconditioned Stimulus (Food) > Unconditioned Response (Salivate)

 

WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?

• It involve an automatic or reflexive responses and also the behavior is involuntary
• Depend on the responses from the animal or human that is being train and it is occur naturally
• Response to elicit must occur below the level of conscious awareness
• Example : salivation, nausea, increased or decreased heart rate and even students dilation or constriction

Picture below show how the experiment conduct to measure the salivary when the dog react with a bowl of food

Here is the video of the experiment of the Pavlov theory ..

References :

https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/what-is-classical-conditioning-and-why-does-it-matter/

https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/learning-7/classical-conditioning-46/basic-principles-of-classical-conditioning-pavlov-192-12727/

Thorndike the Law of Effect

• According to this law, learning can occur if individual are able to form association between a particular stimulus and response
• Association here means the “habits” which it can be encourage or can be obstacle by external parameter
• Many psychologists interest with animal behavior which it can associated to reasoning on the animal’s part.
• Thorndike theorized that animals learn from trial and error
• The animal can make a connection between the behavior when something works to the animal’s satisfaction
• But when the animal make the error, there will no have any connection between the behavior

Here are the link for video about the explanation about law of effect ..

link 1, link 2, link 3, link 4

 

References :

Instructional Design Models and Theories: Connectionism Theory from eLearning Industry

http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/372/Law-Effect.html